PFAS in Our Water: How Can We Mitigate the Impact on the Environment and the Drinking Water Sources?

Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of highly persistent and water-soluble chemical compounds that are widely distributed across the globe. PFAS are used in a wide range of industrial and manufacturing activities, including packaging, consumer products, textiles, semiconductors, pesticides, electronics and protective non-stick coatings. Many PFAS compounds are toxic and bioaccumulate within food chains, posing significant environmental and health risks. These contaminants enter ecosystems through both point and non-point sources. Point sources include industrial manufacturing facilities and locations where Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) is regularly used for fire suppression, such as airports, military bases, and fire stations. Non-point sources involve agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and atmospheric deposition. Among these, firefighting wastewater in WWTP effluents is recognized as a major contributor to PFAS contamination in aquatic environments. The widespread presence of PFAS in water systems presents a critical concern for military installations across Canada. This research investigates the pathways through which PFAS contamination occurs due to military activities, particularly how it affects drinking water sources. To enhance PFAS monitoring, this study examines optimal sampling methodologies, evaluates seasonal variations in military training activities, and analyzes the dominant PFAS compounds present (short-chain vs. long-chain). A mixed-methods research approach is employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data are collected through environmental monitoring programs, while qualitative insights help interpret the observed patterns and trends. One site was investigated and compared with the monitoring protocols in a municipal site. Semi-interviews were conducted with a total of four key informants. The overarching goal is to improve PFAS management and monitoring strategies, ensuring better protection of drinking water sources from these persistent contaminants. The findings from this study, such as the persistence of short-chain PFAS, seasonal variation related to local precipitation, and the insights from stakeholder interviews, can also be applied to broader sectors, including industrial manufacturing and municipal facilities, to support more effective PFAS contamination management and mitigation efforts.